Methods of alkoxylation

ABSTRACT

Catalysts comprising mixtures of HF and metal alkoxides and mixed metal alkoxides produce a sharply peaked alkoxylation distribution during the alkoxylation of organic materials.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 422,324 filed Sept. 23, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,697.

This invention relates to the production of alkoxylated organic compounds by reacting said compounds with an alkoxylating agent in the presence of HF together with metal alkoxides. More particularly, this invention relates to the production of alkoxylated organic compounds by reacting said compounds with the catalysts of the present invention in the presence of alkoxylating agents to yield a very sharply peaked alkoxylate distribution in the adducted product.

In general, the reaction of a variety of organic materials together with an adducting material such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to form alkoxylated mateials is well known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 2,683,087 discloses that water adsorption by paper articles is improved by the use of amine adducts of ethylene oxide. British Pat. No. 847,714 teaches the processing of prehydrolyzed sulfate wood pulp into viscose by incorporating a propylene oxide/ethylene oxide adduct of ethylene diamine. French Pat. No. 1,122,729 discloses the use of acylarylpolyglycol adduct to the viscose pulp or slurry. Belgium Pat. No. 555,529 discloses an anti-static agent for synthetic fibers produced by esterifying one mole of lauric acid with one mole of an ethoxylated glycerol. British Pat. No. 763,215 suggests an ethoxylated organic sulfamide as an anti-static agent for textiles.

British Pat. No. 705,117 discloses an emulsifier combination for pesticides comprising a mixture including a tall oil or dodecyl mercaptan adduct. Polyhydric alcohol ethoxylates find uses in foods and feeds as shown by U.S. Pat. No. 2,674,534 which discloses the use of sorbitol laurate and sorbitol oleate adducts in the coating of ice cream bars. Alkylene oxide adducts are also used in the leather industry in formulations for tanning, dyeing, and lubricating leather. Adducts of organic materials also have a variety of uses and metal working industries where ester, ether and amine adducts are the products used most frequently. Ethylene oxide adducts such as sorbitan monostearate adducts have been found useful in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations and are used to provide activities such as drug carriers, emulsifiers and solubilizers. Ethylene oxide adducts of nonyl phenols have been used to produce detertents and cleaning agents, domestic and industrial laundry detergents, detergent builders, polishers, sanitizers, and dry cleaning materials. Alkyl phenol adducts are especially good soil suspending materials when used in detergent formulations since they possess excellent detergency, fat emulsifying power, concentration effect, chemical resistance, hard water stability and pH properties.

Much literature is available in the general area of alcohol alkoxylation. These references relate to the catalytic ability of various materials in the mechanism of kinetics of these reactions. For example, French Pat. No. 1,365,945 teaches the use of compounds containing an active hydrogen atom reacted with ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkali metal base.

Both basic and acidic catalysts in general are known to produce alkoxylation of organic materials. However, alkoxylation of these materials invariably produces a distribution of various adducts. For example, in surfactant applications, an adduct of too few ethylene oxide molecules is not effective because of poor solubility. In contrast, an adduct with too many ethylene oxide molecules is likewise undesirable because surface tension reduction per unit mass decreases drastically as the molecular weight increases. Thus it has long been essential to produce and use alkoxylates with as sharp a distribution in the desired mole adduct range for the particular use of the material as can possibly be realized.

Normally, acid catalyzed reactions produce such alkoxylates, but these catalysts produce harmful side products which must be separated and removed prior to use. Base catalysts normally do not produce the level of by-products which acidic catalysts do, but provide a much broader distribution of alkoxylation adducts, thus making them economically unsuitable. Thus both methods have disadvantages.

Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a catalyst system for the alkoxylation of organic materials which provides low by-product levels, typical of base catalysts, yet provides a narrow distribution of the preferred mole adducts, normally obtained from acid catalysts. Such a catalyst would promote the narrowing of product distribution curve and would contribute significantly to the intrinsic value of the alkoxylate produced.

Such a catalyst is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,239,917 and 4,306,093. However, these catalysts, while effective in producing a very sharply peaked distribution product, do not produce alkoxylate peaks as sharp as the catalysts to be described herein.

The use of dialkyl aluminum fluoride or alkyl aluminum difluoride is known as a catalyst for the polymerization of epoxides to produce polyalkoxy alcohols as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,029,217 and 3,313,743. However, these catalysts were not used in the alkoxylation of alcohols and require water in the polymerization described. In addition, dialkyl aluminum halides or alkyl aluminum dihalides can be used to produce ethoxylated alcohols using different methods, such as the polymerization of ethylene oxide described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,321,533. However, in this process the materials are not used as catalysts, but rather as reactants since sodium hydroxide acts as the ethoxylation catalyst.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,395,185 utilizes organoaluminum zinc compounds as catalysts in the preparation of low molecular weight polyoxymethylene glycols. Zinc, however, is not an effective catalyst in the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 2,716,137 uses nitrogen containing catalysts. These materials are characterized by low reaction rates and objectionable odors. U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,387 uses catalysts such as calcium, strontium and barium acetates and naphthenates. These materials produce alkoxylate products more sharply peaked than current commercial basic catalysts such as sodium and potassium hydroxide, but do not provide the extremely high peaking of the present invention.

The ethoxylation of alcohols using aluminum compounds such as aluminum trifluoride or trialkyl aluminum is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,879,220; 3,350,462; 3,719,636 and 3,969,417. Preparation of alkoxylated alcohols using a latent catalyst comprising a mixture of BF₃ and trialkyl phospheric is shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,597,502 and 3,910,878. Zinc dialkyl catalysts for alcohol alkoxylation are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,395,185. I have previously described catalysts of BF₃ or SiF₄ with metal alkyls or metal alkoxides in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 414,216 filed Sept. 2, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,941.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a catalyst system which will yield a narrow alkylene oxide adduct distribution in the alkoxylation of organic materials, while providing low levels of undesirable by-products and non-desired alkoxylation adducts. Other objects will become apparent to those skilled in this art as the description proceeds.

It has now been discovered according to the instant invention that alkoxylation of organic materials can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising HF and metal alkoxides and mixed metal alkoxides wherein the metal alkoxides have the general formula M(OC_(n) H_(2n+1))_(q) where q is equal to the valence of M and each n is, independently, from 1 to 22, M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, galluim, indium, thallium, titanium, zirconium and hafnium, and q is 3 or 4, depending on the valence of M. Aluminum and titanium metal alkoxides and mixed alkoxides are preferred. These alkoxide groups will normally contain from about 1 to about 22 carbon atoms each, but the preferred catalysts are those containing from about 1 to about 14 carbon atoms each.

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of such catalysts are HF/(CH₃ O)₃ Al, HF/(C₂ H₅ O)₃ Al, HF/(CH₃ O)₂ (C₂ H₅ O)Al, HF/(iC₃ H₇ O)₃ Al, HF/(C₂₀ H₄₁ O)₃ Al, HF/(CH₃ O)₄ Ti, HF/(C₂ H₅ O)₄ Ti, HF/(iC₃ H₇ O)₄ Ti, HF/(CH₃ O)₄ Zr, HF/(C₂ H₅ O)₄ Zr, HF/(CH₃ O)(C₂ H₅ O) (iC₃ H₇ O)Al, and HF/(CH₃ O)₂ (C₂ H₅ O)(iC₃ H₇ O)Ti.

The instant invention can be carried out at temperatures of from about 20° C. to about 260° C. However, more normal temperatures range from about 90° C. to about 200° C. For practical purposes, most commercial operations will be carried out in the temperature range of from about 100° C. to about 200° C.

Neither HF or the metal alkoxides and mixed metal alkoxides described for any invention have any alkoxylation activity when used separately. It was a distinct surprise to find the synergistic result of the extremely effective catalytic activity resulting from a combination of these materials.

The catalysts of the present invention can be used in the processes described when carried out at ambient pressure. However, pressures above or below ambient can be used as desired. Pressure or lack of pressure is not a critical factor in the present invention and pressures may be used as convenient. Normally pressures of up to about 100 pounds per square inch (psig) can be used, but pressures below about 60 psig are preferred. It is simply more convenient to normally carry out the reactions in the pressure range of from about atmospheric to about 100 psig.

The alkoxylations of the present invention are normally carried out with materials or mixtures of materials comprising alpha and beta alkylene oxide. Of these materials, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or mixtures of these are preferred. However, the process and catalysts of the present invention wll be effective for any adducting material desired.

The reaction products can have any desired content of adducting material. For example, in alcohol alkoxylations, ethylene oxide will normally comprise from about 30 to about 90% of product content based on weight. However, for most purposes the content of ethylene oxide will range from about 40% to about 70% by weight. The weight of adducting material present in the reaction is not critical other than the minimum amount necessary to provide sufficient units to reach the mole adduct level desired for the materials to be reacted.

For practical purposes, normally from about 0.05 to about 10.0 weight percent catalyst based upon the weight of the material to be reacted is present in the reaction. Preferred levels of catalysts in the reaction mixture are from about 0.1 to about 6.0% by weight based on the total reaction mixture weight.

The catalysts of the present invention, are normally utilized in mole ratios of HF to metal alkoxides of from about 0.1 to about 10, but mole ratios of from about 1 to about 3 are preferred.

The alkoxide component of the catalyst can be made insitu by reacting metal alkyls with alcohols in the reaction chamber. In such a preparation, the formation of alkoxides will concurrently generate undesirable hydrocarbons, so this method is not generally preferred. However, in situations where alcohols are alkoxylated, or where the generated hydrocarbons are not detrimental to the reaction and are acceptable in the reaction product, this in situ method can be used.

In order to generate alkoxides insitu, metal alkyls corresponding to the metal alkoxide ultimately desired as a co-catalyst are placed into contact with HF. The metal alkyls are converted to alkoxides by contact with an alcohol. This alcohol can be the same as that used for the alkoxylation reaction.

The catalysts of the present invention are useful for the alkoxylation of organic materials which can normally be alkoxylated. Among such materials are alcohols, whether polyhydric, unsaturated, linear or branched; saturated alcohols, alkyl phenols, polyols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, amides, organic acids and mercaptans.

These organic materials are normally selected from the group consisting of

(a) polyhydric alcohols containing a total of 2 to 30 carbon atoms and having the general formula ##STR1## wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, aryl groups, cyclic groups, or hydrogen and wherein the R-designated groups can in addition contain one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of amine, carboxyl, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, carbonyl, and amide;

(b) aldehydes and ketones having boiling points above 100° C. and containing a total of from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and having one or more carbonyl containing compounds of the general formula ##STR2## wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, hydrogen, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, cyclic groups, or aryl groups and wherein the R-designated groups can in addition contain one or more functionalities selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amine, or amide;

(c) primary, secondary or tertiary amides having a boiling point of above 100° C. and containing a total of from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and containing 1 or more amide containing compounds of the general formula ##STR3## wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently hydrogen, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, cyclic groups, or aryl groups and wherein the R-designated groups can in addition contain one or more other functionalitites selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amine, nitro, or halogen;

(d) primary, secondary or tertiary amines having a boiling point above 100° C., containing from a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms and containing 1 or more amine containing compounds of the general formula ##STR4## wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, cyclic groups, or aryl groups, and wherein the R-designated groups can in addition contain one or more functionalities selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, carboxyl, nitro or amide;

(e) organic acids having a boiling point of above 100° C., containing from a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms and having 1 or more carboxylic acid containing compounds of the general formula ##STR5## wherein R₁ is a hydrogen, a linear or branched acyclic group, alicyclic group, cyclic group, or aryl group and wherein the R group can in addition contain one or more functionalities selected from the group consisting of carbonyl, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amine, or amide;

(f) alkyl phenols having a boiling point of above 100° C., containing a total of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms and having 1 or more compounds of the general formula ##STR6## wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, and R₅ are, independently, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, or carbonyl, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups cyclic groups, aryl groups, or substituted aryl groups and wherein in addition the R-designated groups can contain one or more functionalities selected from the group consisting of halogen, ether, nitro, carboxyl, carbonyl amine, amide, or hydroxyl;

(g) mercaptans of the general formula ##STR7## wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, cyclic groups or aryl groups containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and wherein the R₁, R₂ or R₃ designated groups can in addition contain one or more functionalities selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro amine, or amide, and

(h) alcohols of the general formula ROH where R is a linear or branched alkyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aryl group or a cyclic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an olefinic or acetylenic group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

While the instant invention is effective with all classes of alcohols, both saturated and unsaturated, saturated alcohols are preferred. Of these, alkanols are most preferred. The primary, secondary linear and branched, linear and branched primary alkanols are the most commonly used and are the preferred materials for alkoxylation using the present invention.

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of alcohols which can be alkoxylated according to the present invention are 1-dodecanol; 1-tridecanol; 1-tetradecanol; 1-pentadecanol; 1-hexadecanol; 1-heptadecanol; 1-octadecanol; 1-nonadecanol; 1-eicosanol; 1-docosanol; 2-methyl-1-undecanol; 2-propyl-1-nonanol; 2-butyl-1-octanol; 2-methyl-1-tridecanol; 2-ethyl-1-dodecanol; 2-propyl-1-undecanol; 2-butyl-1-decanol; 2-pentyl-1-nonanol; 2-hexyl-1-octanol; 2-methyl-1-pentadecanol; 2-ethyl-1-tetradecanol; 2-propyl-1-tridecanol; 2-butyl-1-dodecanol; 2-pentyl-1-undecanol; 2-hexyl-1-decanol; 2-heptyl-1-decanol; 2-hexyl-1-nonanol; 2-octyl-1-octanol; 2-methyl-1-heptadecanol; 2-ethyl-1-hexadecanol; 2-propyl-1-pentadecanol; 2-butyl-1-tetradecanol; 1-pentyl-1-tridecanol; 2-hexyl-1-dodecanol; 2-octyl-1-decanol; 2-nonyl-1-nonanol; 2-dodecanol; 3-dodecanol; 4-dodecanol; 5-dodecanol; 6-dodecanol; 2-tetradecanol; 3-tetradecanol; 4-tetradecanol; 5-tetradecanol; 6-tetradecanol; 7-tetradecanol; 2-hexadecanol; 3-hexadecanol; 4-hexadecanol; 5-hexadecanol; 6-hexadecanol; 7-hexadecanol; 8-hexadecanol; 2-octadecanol; 3-octadecanol; 4-octadecanol; 5-octadecanol; 6-octadecanol; 7-octadecanol; 8-octadecanol; 9-octadecanol; 9-octadecenol1; 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-heptanol; 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-1-nonanol; 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol; 3,5,5,7,7-pentamethyl-1-octanol; 3-butyl-1-nonanol; 3-butyl-1-undecanol; 3-hexyl-1-undecanol; 3-hexyl-1-tridecanol; 3-octyl-1-tridecanol; 2-methyl-2-undecanol; 3-methyl-3-undecanol; 4-methyl-4-undecanol; 2-methyl-2-tridecanol; 3-methyl-3-tridecanol; 4-methyl-3-tridecanol; 4-methyl-4-tridecanol; 3-ethyl-3-decanol; 3-ethyl-3-dodecanol; 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2-nonanol; 2-methyl-3-undecanol; 2-methyl-4-undecanol; 4-methyl-2-undecanol; 5-methyl-2-undecanol; 4-ethyl-2-decanol; 4-ethyl-3-decanol; tetracosanol; hexacosanol; octacosanol; triacontanol; dotriacontanol; hexatriacontanol; 2-decyltetradecanol; 2-dodecylhexadecanol; 2-tetradecyloctadecanol; 2-hexadecyleicosanol, and unsaturated alcohols such as 1-hexyn-3-ol; oleyl alcohol (technically names cis-9-octadecene 1-ol); 2,5-dimethyl-4-octyne-3,6-diol; 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-n-decyne-4,7-diol; 3-dodecene-1-ol; and 3,6-dimethyl-8-dodecene-1-ol.

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of various polyhydric alcohols which can be alkoxylated according to the present invention are

ethylene glycol

1,2-propylene glycol

1,4-butanediol

1,6-hexanediol

1,10-decanediol

1,3-butylene glycol

diethylene glycol

diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

diethyl glycol monoethyl ether

dipropylene glycol

dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether

ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

ethylene glycol monobutyl ether

hexylene glycol

mannitol

sorbitol

pentaerythritol

dipentaerythritol

tripentaerythritol

trimethylolpropane

trimethylolethane

neopentyl glycol

diethaholamine

triethanolamine

diisopropanolamine

triisopropanolamine

1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane

2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid

1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)benzene

4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furfural

4,8-bis(hydroxymethyl)tricyclo[5,2,1,0]decane

tartaric acid

2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

triethylene glycol

tetraethylene glycol

glycerol

ascorbic acid

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of various aldehydes and ketones which can be alkoxylated according to the present invention are

lauryl aldehyde

benzaldehyde

2-undecanone

acetophenone

2,4-pentandione

acetylsalicyclic acid

ortho-chlorobenzaldehyde

para-chlorobenzaldehyde

cinnamic aldehyde

diisobutyl ketone

ethylacetoacetate

ethyl amyl ketone

camphor

para-hydroxybenzaldehyde

2-carboxybenzaldehyde

4-carboxybenzaldehyde

salicylaldehyde

octyl aldehyde

decyl aldehyde

p-methoxybenzaldehyde

p-aminobenzaldehyde

phenylacetaldehyde

acetoacetic acid

2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde

1-naphthyl aldehyde

terephthaldehyde

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of amides which can be alkoxylated according to the instant invention are:

formamide

benzamide

acetanilide

salicylamide

acetoacetanilide

ortho-acetoacetotoluidide

acrylamide

N,N-diethyltoluamide

N,N-dimethylacetamide

N,N-dimethylformamide

phthalimide

octylamide

decylamide

laurylamide

stearylamide

N,N-dimethylollaurylamide

N,N-dimethylacrylamide

para-chlorobenzamide

para-methoxybenzamide

para-aminobenzamide

para-hydroxybenzamide

ortho-nitrobenzamide

N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

2-chloroacetamide

oxamide

N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of amines which can be alkoxylated according to the present invention are:

aniline

benzylamine

hexadecylamine

triphenylamine

aminoacetic acid

anthranilic acid

cyclohexylamine

tert-octylamine

ortho-phenylenediamine

meta-phenylenediamine

para-phenylenediamine

N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

2-amino-4-chlorophenol

2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

ortho-aminophenol

para-aminophenol

para-aminosalicyclic acid

benzyl-N,N-dimethylamine

tert-butylamine

2-chloro-4-aminotoluene

6-chloro-2-aminotoluene

meta-chloroaniline

ortho-chloroaniline

para-chloroaniline

4-chloro-2-nitroaniline

cyclohexylamine

dibutylamine

2,5-dichloroaniline

3,4-dichloroaniline

dicyclohexylamine

diethanolamine

N,N-diethylethanolamine

N,N-diethyl-meta-toluidine

N,N-diethylaniline

diethylenetriamine

diisopropanolamine

N,N-dimethylethanolamine

N,N-dimethylaniline

2,4-dinitroaniline

diphenylamine

ethyl-para-aminobenzoate

N-ethylethanolamine

N-ethyl-1-naphthylamine

N-ethyl-ortho-toluidine

N-ethylaniline

ethylenediamine

hexamethylenetetraamine

2,4-lutidine

N-methylaniline

methyl anthranilate

p,p'-diaminodiphenyl methane

ortho-nitroaniline

para-nitroaniline

tert-octylamine

piperazine

ethanolamine

isopropanolamine

ortho-toluidine

para-toluidine

2,4-tolyenediamine

triethanolamine

tributylamine

triisopropanolamine

2,4-dimethylxylidine

para-methoxyaniline

nitrilotriacetic acid

N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of organic acids which can be alkoxylated according to the present invention are:

formic acid

acetic acid

valeric acid

heptanoic acid

2-ethylhexanoic acid

lauric acid

stearic acid

oleic acid

tall oil acids

hydrogenated tall oil acids

benzoic acid

salicyclic acid

adipic acid

azelaic acid

fumaric acid

citric acid

acrylic acid

aminoacetic acid

para-aminosalicyclic acid

anthranilic acid

butyric acid

propionic acid

ricinoleic acid

chloroacetic acid

ortho-chlorobenzoic acid

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

tert-decanoic acid

para-aminobenzoic acid

abietic acid

itaconic acid

lactic acid

glycolic acid

malic acid

maleic acid

cinnamic acid

para-hydroxybenzoic acid

methacrylic acid

oxalic acid

myristic acid

palmitic acid

tert-pentanoic acid

phenylacetic acid

mandelic acid

sebacic acid

tallow fatty acids

hydrogenated tallow fatty acids

tartaric acid

trichloroacetic acid

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

undecylenic acid

crotonic acid

pelargonic acid

acetoacetic acid

para-nitrobenzoic acid

ascorbic acid

nitrilotriacetic acid

naphthenic acids

1-naphthoic acid

trimellitic acid

Representative but non-exhaustive examples of various phenols which can be alkoxylated according to the present invention are

phenol

ortho-cresol

meta-cresol

para-cresol

2,4-dimethylphenol

2,5-dimethylphenol

2,6-dimethylphenol

ortho-chlorophenol

meta-chlorophenol

para-chlorophenol

para-nitrophenol

para-methoxyphenol

salicyclic acid

meta-hydroxyacetophenone

para-aminophenol

ortho-phenylphenol

nonylphenol

octylphenol

t-butyl-para-cresol

hydroquinone

catechol

resorcinol

pyrogallol

1-naphthol

2-naphthol

4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A)

methyl salicylate

benzyl salicylate

4-chloro-2-nitrophenol

para-t-butylphenol

2,4-di-t-amylphenol

2,4-dinitrophenol

para-hydroxybenzoic acid

8-hydroxyquinoline

methyl para-hydroxybenzoate

2-nitro-para-cresol

ortho-nitrophenol

para-phenylphenol

phenyl salicylate

salicylaldehyde

p-hydroxy benzaldehyde

2-amino-4-chlorophenol

ortho-aminophenol

salicylamide

The invention is more concretely described with reference to the examples below wherein all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. The examples are provided to illustrate the instant invention and not to limit it.

EXAMPLE 1

The following reactant and catalyst components were introduced into a stainless steel reactor:

    ______________________________________                                         100 g ALFOL 1412 (487 mmol)                                                                     (a 12-14 carbon atom alcohol                                                   trademark of and sold by                                                       Conoco Inc.)                                                  3.8 g aluminum alkoxide                                                                         (7.9 mmol mixed metal alkoxides                               0.50 g HF (25 mmol)                                                                             having average carbon number                                                   of 10.7, and containing C.sub.4 to C.sub.22                                    alkoxide groups)                                              ______________________________________                                    

After purging with N₂ at 120° C. and at 400 cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min) for 30 minutes, temperature was raised to 170° C. Ethylene oxide was introduced at 20 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) pressure for 105 minutes to produce an adduct containing 2.77 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol.

EXAMPLE 2

A stainless steel reactor was charged with 200 g of ALFOL 1412, and 2.3 g of BF₃ etherate. After evacuation at room temperature, ethoxylation was carried out at 50° C., and 14.7 psia EO pressure to produce an adduct containing 2.77 moles of EO per mole alcohol.

Example 1 and Example 2 adduct distributions are graphically compared in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 3

An experiment was carried out exactly as described in Example 1 using 5.0 g alkoxide (10.37 mmol Al) and 0.50 g HF (25 mmol). Ethoxylation with EO proceeded at 150° C., 40 psig, and for 110 minutes, producing an adduct containing 5.0 moles EP per mole alcohol.

EXAMPLE 4

A 50 cc round flask was charged with 10 grams Sr(OH)₂ 8H₂ O and 10.6 grams phenol. The flask was attached to a rotary evaporator and the contents heated to 150° C. for 1 hour under vacuum. The weight of 9.55 grams of preformed catalyst was recovered. This catalyst (0.8 grams) was used together with 150 g ALFOL 1412 in ethoxylation as described in Example 1 (170° C., and 40 psig EP pressure) to produce an adduct containing 5.0 mole EP per mole alcohol.

FIG. 2 graphically shows EO distribution as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography, comprising Examples 3 and 4.

EXAMPLE 5

An attempt was made exactly as described in Example 1 to carry out ethoxylation with HF alone or as a catalyst (without aluminum alkoxides). No measurable ethoxylation occurred.

EXAMPLE 6

An attempt was made exactly as described in Example 2 to carry out ethoxylation with aluminum alkoxide alone as a catalyst (without HF). No measurable ethoxylation occurred.

While certain embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating this invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. 

I claim:
 1. In a method for the ethoxylation of alkanols of the general formula ROH wherein R is an unsubstituted or substituted, linear or branched alkyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms with ethylene oxide under ethoxylating conditions at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 260° C., at a pressure up to about 100 psig and for a time sufficient to ethoxylate to the extent desired, the improvement comprising:conducting said ethoxylation in the presence of a catalyst system comprising hydrogen fluoride and at least one metal alkoxide of the general formula M(OC_(n) H_(2n+1))_(q), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, zirconium, hafnium and titanium, q is the valence of M and n is a number between 1 and 22; maintaining the mole ratio of hydrogen fluoride to metal alkoxide between about 0.1 and about 10.0; and maintaining said catalyst system present in an amount of about 0.05 to about 10.0 weight percent relative to the combined weight of said alkanol and said ethylene oxide.
 2. In the ethoxylation method of claim 1, the improvement comprising:maintaining said catalyst system present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 6.0 weight percent relative to the combined weight of said alkanol and said ethylene oxide.
 3. In the ethoxylation method of claim 1, the improvement comprising:maintaining the mole ratio of hydrogen fluoride to metal alkoxide between about 1.0 and about 3.0.
 4. In the ethoxylation method of claim 3, the improvement comprising:maintaining said catalyst system present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 6.0 weight percent relative to the combined weight of said alkanol and said ethylene oxide.
 5. In the ethoxylation method of claim 1, the improvement wherein n is a number between 1 and
 14. 6. In the ethoxylation method of claim 1, the improvement wherein M is aluminum.
 7. In the ethoxylation method of claim 4, the improvement wherein M is aluminum and wherein n is a number between 1 and
 14. 8. In the ethoxylation method of claim 1, the improvement wherein said metal alkoxide is selected from the group consisting of trimethoxyaluminum, triethoxyaluminum, dimethoxyethoxyaluminum, tri-isopropyloxyaluminum, (C₂₀ H₄₁ O)₃ Al, tetramethoxytitanium, tetraethoxytitanium, tetraisopropyloxytitanium, tetramethoxyzirconium, tetraethoxyzirconium, methoxyethoxyisopropyloxyaluminum and dimethoxyethoxyisopropyloxytitanium.
 9. In the ethoxylation method of claim 1, the further improvement comprising:producing said metal alkoxide insitu during said ethoxylation by reacting a catalyst precursor alcohol of the formula C_(n) H_(2n+1) OH wherein n is a number between 1 and 22 with a metal alkyl wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, zirconium, hafnium and titanium.
 10. In the ethoxylation method of claim 9, the improvement wherein said alkanol and said catalyst precursor alcohol comprise the same alcohol.
 11. In a method for the alkoxylation of an alkoxylate precursor selected from the group consisting of the alcohols of the general formulae(A) ROH, wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aryl or cyclic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an olefinic or acetylenic group containing from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and wherein said groups are unsubstituted or substituted. (B) ##STR8## wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are, independently, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, cyclic groups, or aryl groups or hydrogen, and wherein said groups are unsubstituted or substituted and these polyhydric alcohols contain from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and (C) ##STR9## wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are, independently, linear or branched acyclic groups, alicyclic groups, cyclic groups, or aryl groups or hydrogen, and wherein said groups are unsubstituted or substituted and these phenols contain from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, with an alkoxylating agent selected from the group consisting of the alpha and beta alkylene oxides under alkoxylating conditions at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 260° C., at a pressure up to about 100 psig and for a time sufficient to alkoxylate to the extent desired, the improvement comprising: conducting said alkoxylation in the presence of a catalyst system comprising hydrogen fluoride and at least one metal alkoxide of the general formula M(OC_(n) H_(2n+1))_(q), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, zirconium, hafnium and titanium, q is the valence of M and n is a number between 1 and 22; maintaining the mole ratio of hydrogen fluoride to metal alkoxide between about 0.1 and about 10.0; and maintaining said catalyst system present in an amount of about 0.05 to about 10.0 weight percent relative to the combined weight of said alkoxylate precursor and said alkoxylating agent.
 12. In the alkoxylation method of claim 11, the improvement comprising:maintaining said catalyst system present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 6.0 weight percent relative to the combined weight of said alkoxylate precursor and said alkoxylating agent.
 13. In the alkoxylation method of claim 11, the improvement comprising:maintaining the mole ratio of hydrogen fluoride to metal alkoxide between about 1.0 and about 3.0.
 14. In the alkoxylation method of claim 13, the improvement comprising:maintaining said catalyst system present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 6.0 weight percent relative to the combined weight of said alkoxylate precursor and said alkoxylating agent.
 15. In the alkoxylation method of claim 11, the improvement wherein n is a number between 1 and
 14. 16. In the alkoxylation method of claim 11, the improvement wherein M is aluminum.
 17. In the alkoxylation method of claim 14, the improvement wherein M is aluminum and wherein n is a number between 1 and
 14. 18. In the alkoxylation method of claim 11, the improvement wherein said metal alkoxide is selected from the group consisting of trimethoxyaluminum, triethoxyaluminum, dimethoxyethoxyaluminum, tri-isopropyloxyaluminum, (C₂₀ H₄₁ O)₃ Al, tetramethoxytitanium, tetramethoxyzirconium, tetraethoxyzirconium, methoxyethoxyisopropyloxyaluminum and dimethoxyethoxyisopropyloxytitanium.
 19. In the alkoxylation method of claim 11, the further improvement comprising:producing said metal alkoxide insitu during said alkoxylation by reacting a catalyst precursor alcohol of the formula C_(n) H_(2n+1) OH wherein n is a number between 1 and 22 with a metal alkyl wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, zirconium, hafnium and titanium.
 20. In the alkoxylation method of claim 19, the improvement wherein said alkoxylate precursor and said catalyst precursor alcohol comprise the same alcohol. 